# State the central limit theorem for a proportional relationship

### Central Limit Theorem

And it doesn't just apply to the sample mean; the CLT is also true for other sample statistics, such as the sample proportion. Because statisticians know so much. The Sample Proportion and the Central Limit Theorem. To demonstrate that the large sample Normal distribution of ̂P (and there- fore the Normal. The Central Limit Theorem. A Review of For now on, we can use the following theorem. Make a P-Chart and list any out of control signals by type (I, II, III).

Notice that the shape of the distribution looks something like a normal distribution, despite the fact that the original distribution was uniform! The central limit theorem therefore tells us that the shape of the sampling distribution of means will be normal, but what about the mean and variance of this distribution?

• The Role of Probability
• Central limit theorem
• Sampling Distribution of Sample Means

It is easy to show if you know the algebra of expectations and covariances that the mean of this sampling distribution will be the population mean, and that the variance will be equal to the population variance divided by n. If we take the square root of the variance, we get the standard deviation of the sampling distribution, which we call the standard error. This information together tells us that the mean of the sample means will be equal to the population means, and the variance will get smaller when 1 the population variance gets smaller, or 2 the sample sizes get larger.

The second of these results has an easy intuition.

### The Central Limit Theorem and its Implications for Statistical Inference | Methods

As our samples get larger, we have more information about the population, and hence we should expect less sample-to-sample variation. Compare the following distribution of means from 1, samples to the previous histogram: This is why our statistical inferences get better as we gather more data. The difference between our sample estimates and the true population value will get smaller as our sample sizes get larger, so we have more certainty in our estimates.

7.3 Central limit for Proportions

Why the Central Limit Theorem is Important If we know the population mean and standard deviation, we know the following will be true: The distribution of means across repeated samples will be normal with a mean equal to the population mean and a standard deviation equal to the population standard deviation divided by the square root of n.

Since we know exactly what the distribution of means will look like for a given population, we can take the mean from a single sample and compare it to the sampling distribution to assess the likelihood that our sample comes from the same population. In other words, we can test the hypothesis that our sample represents a population distinct from the known population. Here is an example. The population distribution of IQ in the general public is known to have a mean of with a standard deviation of We take a sample of 36 students who have received a novel form of education and wish to determine if these individuals are systematically smarter than the rest of the population.

To do so, we calculate the mean for our sample and consider how likely we would be to observe this value if the students were actually not any different the null hypothesis. The sample mean IQ we observe is We know that, even if our students were not any different from the general public, we may still observe a simply due to random sampling.

Is this value sufficiently rare under repeated sampling that we can say our sample is different? Given the central limit theorem, we know that the distribution of means will be normal with a mean of and a standard deviation of. In other words, And the probability that the average height of 10 women is over six feet is: The probability is so small that GeoGebra simply displays zero, since we are talking about 5 standard deviation away from the mean here. Some books give the standard deviation of the sampling distribution,a special name.

But when you first start, you should probably just stick with standard deviation of the sample mean.

### Central limit theorem (video) | Khan Academy

So a sampling distribution, while not changing the mean of the parent distribution, tightens it up and draws it together, and the larger the sample size the greater this effect. Remember how I said that every distribution could in some sense become a normal one?

First of all, if the parent distribution is itself a normal one, then the sampling distribution is also normal, no matter what the sample size, n, is. However, for any parent distribution, even the most un-normal ones, as n gets bigger, the sampling distribution looks more and more normal, and at a certain point you might as well just consider it normal for the purposes of finding probabilities and cut-offs.

## The Central Limit Theorem and its Implications for Statistical Inference

And what is that point? It turns out that if n is at least 30, in other words if the sampling distribution is made up of samples of size 30 or more, then the distribution may be considered approximately normal.

Demonstration of Central Limit Theorem Since sampling distribution and Central Limit Theorem are probably two of the most abstract topics in the text, it helps to be able to visualize them with the help of some technology.

Open the applet from the following link: After reading the instructions, click "Begin" on the left to launch the applet. A random sample is drawn from the parent population, and the sample mean is computed How are the 2nd and 3rd figures related to the first figure in the applet?

What happened each time?